Ethnic Minority

Ethnic Minority

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Health disparities are preventable differences in the burden of disease, injury, violence, or opportunities to achieve optimal health that are experienced by populations that have been disadvantaged by their social or economic status, geographic location, and environment.[1] Many populations experience health disparities, including people from some racial and ethnic minority groups, people with disabilities, women, people who are LGBTQI+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, or other), people with limited English proficiency, and other groups.

Across the country, people in some racial and ethnic minority groups experience higher rates of poor health and disease for a range of health conditions, including diabetes, hypertension, obesity, asthma, heart disease, cancer, and preterm birth, when compared to their White counterparts. For example, the average life expectancy among Black or African American people in the United States is four years lower than that of White people.[3] These disparities sometimes persist even when accounting for other demographic and socioeconomic factors, such as age or income.

Racism determines opportunity based on the way people look or the color of their skin. It also shapes social and economic factors that put some people from racial and ethnic minority groups at increased risk for negative mental health outcomes and health-related behaviors, as well as chronic and toxic stress or inflammation.[11],[12] Racism prevents millions of people from attaining their highest level of health, and consequently, affects the health of our nation.

People who have been historically marginalized, such as people from racial and ethnic minority groups, people with disabilities, and people with lower incomes, are disproportionately affected by inequities in access to high-quality education. [13][14] Policies that link public school funding to the tax base of a neighborhood limit the resources available in schools of lower income neighborhoods. This results in lower-quality education for residents of lower income neighborhoods, which can lead to lower literacy and numeracy levels, lower high school completion rates, and barriers to college entrance. In addition to educational barriers, limited access to quality job training or programs tailored to the language needs of some racial and ethnic minority groups may limit future job options and lead to lower paying or less stable jobs.

People from some racial and ethnic minority groups and other historically marginalized groups also face greater challenges in getting higher paying jobs with good benefits due to less access to high-quality education,[25] geographic location, language differences, discrimination, and transportation barriers. People with limited job options often have lower incomes, experience barriers to wealth accumulation, and carry greater debt. The historical practice of redlining and denying mortgages to people of color has also created a lack of opportunity for home ownership, and thus wealth accumulation, due to the inability to pass down property and build wealth. Such financial challenges may make it difficult to manage expenses, pay medical bills, and access affordable quality housing, education, nutritious food, and reliable childcare.

The NCAA awards $10,000 to 13 ethnic minorities and 13 female college graduates who will be entering their initial year of graduate studies. The applicant must be seeking admission or have been accepted into a sports administration or program that will help the applicant obtain a career in intercollegiate athletics, such as athletics administrator, coach, athletic trainer or a career that provides a direct service to intercollegiate athletics.

The Committee on Ethnic Minority Affairs (CEMA) consists of six members of the association with terms not less than three years each. The CEMA have general concern for aspects of psychology that are related to ethnic minorities (American Indian/Alaska Native; Asian-American/Pacific Islander; African-American/Black; and Hispanic/Latina/o). The CEMA serves as the primary resource to the Board for the Advancement of Psychology in the Public Interest (BAPPI) on ethnic minority issues and concerns.

For decades, public health, health services research, and medical studies have shown evidence that racial and ethnic minority groups1 experience healthcare disparities that can lead to dramatic differences in health outcomes. The care they receive as patients can cause increased rates of illness and shorter lifespans. The Census Bureau projects that minority groups will account for more than half of the U.S. population by 2045, so focusing on improving minority health and working to eliminate disparities is a critical effort for the Nation.

The poorer outcomes among minority populations may be attributable to such healthcare-related risk factors as provider biases, poor provider-patient communication, lower levels of health literacy, and systemic racism and bias.

A large body of research has shown that compared with the White population, racial and ethnic minority groups experience disparities in access to care and healthcare quality, including effectiveness of treatment, timeliness, patient safety, and preventive screening. For example, stark disparities exist for preventive screening, such as for lipid disorders, which is recommended to identify potential lipid disorders and prevent heart disease. A recent study found that 67 percent of non-Hispanic White women reported prior screening compared with 43 percent of non-Hispanic Black women.2

Asian Americans have also been shown to experience disparities in care. For example, a 2020 study found that Asian Americans, including Asian ethnic groups, reported lower rates of provider-patient communication regarding breast and cervical cancer screening compared with White Americans.3

Clinician attitudes can affect quality of care for racial and ethnic minority groups. In a 2022 study, 19 percent of American Indian or Alaska Native individuals living in rural areas reported experiencing discrimination from a doctor or health clinic compared with 3 percent for White Americans.4

The 2022 National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report presents evidence that disparities for most measures are not changing. The table below shows the number of quality measures for which racial or ethnic minority groups experienced better, same, or worse quality of care than non-Hispanic White groups in the most recent data year.

Health disparities result from inequities in the determinants of health, including social, environmental, healthcare, and genetic factors. Health equity has been defined as the attainment of the highest level of health for all people, where everyone has a fair and just opportunity to attain their optimal health regardless of race, ethnicity, disability, sexual orientation, gender identity, socioeconomic status, geography, preferred language, or other factors that affect access to care and health outcomes.5

Introduction: Evidence to date indicates that patients from ethnic minority backgrounds may experience disparity in the quality and safety of health care they receive due to a range of socio-cultural factors. Although heightened risk of patient safety events is of key concern, there is a dearth of evidence regarding the nature and rate of patient safety events occurring amongst ethnic minority consumers, which is critical for the development of relevant intervention approaches to enhance the safety of their care.

Objectives: To establish how ethnic minority populations are conceptualised in the international literature, and the implications of this in shaping of our findings; the evidence of patient safety events arising among ethnic minority healthcare consumers internationally; and the individual, service and system factors that contribute to unsafe care.

Results: Forty-five studies were included in this review. Findings indicate that: (1) those from ethnic minority backgrounds were conceptualised variably; (2) people from ethnic minority backgrounds had higher rates of hospital acquired infections, complications, adverse drug events and dosing errors when compared to the wider population; and (3) factors including language proficiency, beliefs about illness and treatment, formal and informal interpreter use, consumer engagement, and interactions with health professionals contributed to increased risk of safety events amongst these populations.

Conclusion: Ethnic minority consumers may experience inequity in the safety of care and be at higher risk of patient safety events. Health services and systems must consider the individual, inter- and intra-ethnic variations in the nature of safety events to understand the where and how to invest resource to enhance equity in the safety of care.

Kansas Ethnic Minority ScholarshipThe Kansas Ethnic Minority Scholarship program is designed to assist academically competitive students who are identified as members of any of the following ethnic/racial groups: African American; American Indian or Alaskan Native; Asian or Pacific Islander; or Hispanic. Scholarship selection is based on financial need as determined by federal methodology.

Background: Women from ethnic minority groups are at greater risk of developing mental health problems. Poor perinatal mental health impacts on maternal morbidity and mortality and can have a devastating impact on child and family wellbeing. It is important to ensure that services are designed to meet the unique needs of women from diverse backgrounds.

Results: The 15 eligible studies included women from a range of minority ethnic backgrounds and were all undertaken in the United Kingdom (UK). Seven overarching themes were identified; awareness and beliefs about mental health, isolation and seeking support, influence of culture, symptoms and coping strategies, accessing mental health services, experiences of mental health services and what women want. 59ce067264

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